By contrast, Russia recognizes multiple traditional religions, but favors Orthodox Christianity more than the others (see here for more information). That study was based on a country-by-country analysis of data from more than 2,500 national censuses, large-scale surveys and official population registers that were collected, evaluated and standardized by Pew Research staff and, in the case of European countries, by researchers at the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. Non-Muslim religious groups must register to be able to own land and administer rites such as marriage. Who were some of the key figures of the Reformation? (This means that not only will there continue to be more Christian births than deaths in sub-Saharan Africa, but births will exceed deaths by even larger numbers in upcoming five-year periods.) Meanwhile, older Americans are more likely than young adults (under 30) to say that Muslims will be the largest group. Religious Conversion in 40 Countries. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion. The Religious Diversity Index is a version of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, which is commonly used in environmental and business studies to measure the degree of ecological diversity or market concentration. Islam is the worlds most common official religion. Two others, Sudan and Syria, have a preferred or favored religion (in both cases, also Islam). More than 80 countries favor a specific religion, either as an official, government-endorsed religion or by affording one religion preferential treatment over other faiths, according to a new Pew Research Center analysis of data covering 199 countries and territories around the world. The example, influence, and reality of Jesus have provided a touch point for all Christian traditions. Christianity (unspecified) Protestantism Eastern Orthodoxy Catholicism Islam (unspecified) Sunni Islam Shi'a Islam Buddhism Religion by country Africa Asia Europe (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Membership in each religious group is based on self-identification. Generations of Christians throughout the whole world have been consumed . By 2060, 9% of the global unaffiliated population will live in the United States alone, according to the projections. Grim and Vegard Skirbekk. Throughout most of the region, the number of babies born to Muslim women exceeded the number of Muslim deaths between 2010 and 2015 (in 21 countries). At the same time, the State shall recognize the outstanding role of the Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia in the history of Georgia and its independence from the State.14, In addition to recognition in the constitution, the Georgian Orthodox Church (GOC) and the state have a concordat, or constitutional agreement, that governs relations between them. And in North America, the number of Christian deaths will begin to exceed the number of births by around 2050. Similarly, other religious groups saw either positive natural increase or little net change, with a few exceptions: Buddhists in Japan, Hindus in South Africa and adherents of folk religions in South Korea and Tanzania had a larger number of deaths than births between 2010 and 2015. Today, more than 80 countries either have an official religion or favor one or more religious groups over others, according to a new Pew Research Center report. Still, for many Central and Eastern Europeans including Greeks and Poles religion plays an important role in their sense of national belonging. In contrast, the Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs manages Islamic institutions, subsidizes certain mosque-sponsored activities, pays mosque staff salaries and manages clergy training centers.20. . The worlds Christian population also has continued to grow, but more modestly. Buddhism also is exempted from some restrictions that apply to other religious groups. Under its one-party political system, however, it has had a heavily restrictive or even hostile state relationship with religion, strictly regulating and monitoring religious institutions. Deaths also outnumbered births by at least 10,000 among religiously unaffiliated populations in Austria, Ukraine and Russia. The Global Decline of Religion - Foreign Affairs Read our research on: LGBTQ Attitudes & Experiences| Artificial Intelligence | Affirmative Action. Religion's Relationship to Happiness, Civic Engagement and Health In addition to fertility rates and age distributions, religious switching is likely to play a role in the changing sizes of religious groups. Causes of change: Fertility Fertility rates have been the main driver of population change in India. Among Muslims, there were no European countries where the number of deaths exceeded the number of births. (+1) 202-419-4300 | Main Aug. 10, 2016. By about 2040, the natural increase in the Muslim population in sub-Saharan Africa is expected to exceed the natural increase in Asia. Except for Muslims and Christians, all major world religions are projected to make up a smaller percentage of the global population in 2060 than they did in 2015.4While Hindus, Jews and adherents of folk religions are expected to grow in absolute numbers in the coming decades, none of these groups will keep pace with global population growth. Moreover, Muslims have the highest fertility rate of any religious group an average of 2.9 children per woman, well above replacement level (2.1), the minimum typically needed to maintain a stable population.9 Christians are second, at 2.6 children per woman. Europe and North America have a moderate level of religious diversity, while the Latin America-Caribbean and Middle East-North Africa regions have a low degree of religious diversity. A slim majority of countries (53%) have no official or preferred religion as of 2015. About a third of countries with preferred religions (28%) provide state funding or resources for religious education programs not only for the favored religion but also for other religious groups. WHO/S. Comparing religious diversity across countries presents many challenges, starting with the definition of diversity. After Christianity, Buddhism is the next most commonly favored religion. Since this is highly correlated with whether the state has an official or favored religion, the index was recalculated without this indicator for the purposes of this analysis. Religious and cultural factors - Factors affecting food choice - CCEA For example, many people raised in the U.S. as Christians become unaffiliated in adulthood, and vice versa many people raised without any religion join a religious group later in their lives. By contrast, Democrats are more likely than Republicans (35% vs. 29%) to expect that people with no religion will be the largest group. Throughout Eastern Europe and parts of Western Europe, deaths outnumbered births among Christians between 2010 and 2015 in 24 of 42 countries. In many countries, censuses and demographic surveys do not enumerate atheists and agnostics as distinct populations, so it is not possible to reliably estimate the global size of these subgroups within the broad category of the unaffiliated. Reformation | Definition, History, Summary, Reformers, & Facts For more information, see the Pew Research Centers July 2013 report , For more information on the religious breakdown of U.S. adults, see the Pew Research Centers 2008 report . See the Pew Research Centers December 2011 report , For more information, see Methodology for Sunni-Shia Estimates in the Pew Research Centers October 2009 report . 1 2 3 4 5 Religious and cultural factors Religious factors can have a major influence on what foods we buy. November 2014. Prior to this study, the most extensive analysis of religious switching covered 40 countries. In many cases, governments also provide funding or resources for religious property, including for the maintenance, upkeep or repair of religious buildings or land. For example, Russian law designates Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Buddhism as the countrys traditional religions, while also recognizing the special contribution of Russian Orthodox Christianity to Russian history. But, by 2060, over half of all Jews (53%) are projected to live in Israel, while the U.S. is expected to have a smaller share (32%). Among the 43 countries with official state religions, only three all in Europe meet these criteria: Liechtenstein, Malta and Monaco. In Liberia, for instance, the government has provided tax exemptions and duty-free privileges to registered organizations, including missionary programs, religious charities and religious groups. The first is the assumption that religious freedom is a concept that can be meaningfully defined in isolation from other social, political, and economic factors that shape the contexts out of which religion is expressed and enacted. It is the story of the relationship between God and the world, as told through the lens of Jesus Christ. The number of Christians is projected to rise by 34%, slightly faster than the global population overall yet far more slowly than Muslims. Between 2010 and 2015, an estimated 68 million babies were born to unaffiliated mothers, compared with 109 million to Hindu mothers. Currently, there are more births than deaths among religious nones in all regions, led by the Asia-Pacific region, which is home to a majority of the global religiously unaffiliated population. Grim. Some atheists, deists, and skeptics regard religious belief as superstition. Members of the official or preferred faith also are much more likely than members of other religions to think the dominant faith is an important element in national belonging. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. It also explores the implications of these categories. For people with no religion in Asia, the number of deaths will begin to exceed the number of births to unaffiliated mothers by 2030, a change driven by low fertility and a relatively old unaffiliated population in China. It restricts Muslim prayer to certain locations, regulates mosques and bars children (those under 18) from participating in public religious activities. In recent years, 33% of the worlds babies were born to Christians, which is slightly greater than the Christian share of the worlds population in 2015 (31%). The state frequently detained, arrested or harassed members of both registered and unregistered religious groups in 2015.10. By David Masci Throughout history, many kingdoms and nations have closely aligned themselves with religion by establishing official, government-endorsed faiths. These populations will continue to have more births than deaths through 2060, but they will grow at a slower rate. By contrast, the share of Muslims living in the Asia-Pacific region is expected to decline over the period from 61% to 50%. More than half (53%) of the 43 countries with official religions meet these criteria. To see Religious Diversity Index scores for countries and regions, see Appendix 2 (PDF) and Religious Diversity Index Scores by Country table. Associations of socioeconomic and religious factors with health: a Monaco, for example, designates Roman Catholicism as the state religion in its constitution: The Catholic, Apostolic and Roman religion is the religion of the State.23Catholic religious instruction is available in schools, but requires parental consent. Most governments around the globe, however, are generally neutral toward religion. Among the 43 countries with an official religion, 98% provide funding or resources for educational programs, property or other religious activities. About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. A small share of countries (5%) have no official state religion or preferred religion but nonetheless maintain a highly restrictive or hostile relationship with some or all major religious groups in the country, strictly regulating religious institutions and practices. Europe - Religious Diversity and Population Mobility | Britannica Iran, whose population is almost entirely Muslim, falls into the low diversity category. In the decades since Partition, the number of children born to an average woman over her lifetime has been decreasing, and most gaps between religious groups have narrowed. For more detail on why North Korea often has been excluded from other analyses, see the Methodology section of Pew Research Centers April 2017 report, , While these countries may not legally recognize a religion as the state religion or give benefits to one group over others, they may restrict religion in other ways. Religious Factors - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics One country in the Americas, Cuba, has a heavily restrictive relationship with religion. Adherents of one religion sometimes think of other religions as superstition. Several of the other countries in this category are former Soviet republics: Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The projections attempt to take religious switching (in all directions) into account, but conversion patterns are complex and varied. Over half of countries with preferred religions (58%) provide funds or resources for religious education programs that mostly benefit the preferred religion. But that share is expected to decline to 66% by 2060 due to low fertility and an aging population. Uruguay Venezuela Religion portal Importance of Religion in Europe (results of a 2008/2009 Gallup poll) Religion in Europe has been a major influence on today's society, art, culture, philosophy and law. Health is based on a self-assessed question about overall health. Comparison of percentage distribution of individuals by age category between the study sample and the national census in China (2009) and Korea (2010). And while Catholic rituals play a part in some state ceremonies, the law also designates that no one may be compelled to participate in the rites or ceremonies of any religion or to observe its days of rest.24. Among the 40 countries that have a preferred or favored religion but not an official state religion most favor Christianity. Broadly, the countries in this category can be said to maintain a clear separation of church and state. But roughly seven-in-ten countries in the region (69%) have no official or favored religion. Among these countries, 78% interfered with the worship of religious groups in 2015 to some degree (e.g., in a few cases, many cases or a blanket prohibition). These are among the key findings of a new Pew Research Center analysis of demographic data. See United Nations Population Division. The religious persecution that drove settlers from Europe to the British North American colonies sprang from the conviction, held by Protestants and Catholics alike, that uniformity of religion must exist in any given society. Counting both adults and children, Christians constitute a sizable majority of the 2010 U.S. population (78%). The Pew Research Centers latest religious affiliation estimates for the U.S. show that just under 20% of the adult population is religiously unaffiliated, part of a trend toward disaffiliation that has accelerated over the past five years. What did the Reformation do? The religiously unaffiliated population is projected to shrink as a percentage of the global population, even though it will increase modestly in absolute number. These demographic patterns are heavily influenced by the situation in Asia, and particularly China, which was home to 61% of the worlds unaffiliated population in 2015. Most adherents of folk religions, too, will remain in Asia and the Pacific (79% in 2060), although a growing share are expected to live sub-Saharan Africa (7% in 2015 vs. 16% in 2060). The fundamental human right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion is violated in one out of every three countries (31 per cent), that is, in 61 out of 196 nations, according to a report . Culture, a shared set of traditions, belief systems, and behaviors, is shaped by history, religion, ethnic identity, language, and nationality, among other factors. The State of Religious Freedom in the U.S. - Harvard Divinity School Globally, the relatively young population and high fertility rates of Muslims lead to a projection that between 2030 and 2035, there will be slightly more babies born to Muslims (225 million) than to Christians (224 million), even though the total Christian population will still be larger. The statedoes not have a concordat with any other religious group. . Religiosity and health: A global comparative study - PMC Similarly, on the topic of pluralism, medians of 50% in both types of countries say it is better if society consists of people from different nationalities, religions and cultures (as opposed to a homogeneous society). Banning of religious groups is much less common among states that do not have an official or preferred religion, with only three countries in this category the Bahamas, Jamaica and Singapore maintaining formal bans on particular groups in 2015.41. Read our research on: LGBTQ Attitudes & Experiences| Artificial Intelligence | Affirmative Action. In a few cases, a countrys official religion is primarily a legacy of its history and now involves few, if any, privileges conferred by the state. Global Religious Diversity Half of the Most Religiously Diverse Countries are in Asia-Pacific Region Several years ago, the Pew Research Center produced estimates of the religious makeup of more than 200 countries and territories, which it published in the 2012 report " The Global Religious Landscape ." As a result, according to Pew Research Center projections, by 2060, the count of Muslims (3.0 billion, or 31% of the population) will near the Christian count (3.1 billion, or 32%).3. Saudi Arabias basic law designates Islam as the official religion, and conversion from Islam is grounds for charges of apostasy legally punishable by death.25The basic law requires all citizens to be Muslim, and public worship of non-Muslim faiths is prohibited. Most of the countries with official religions in the Middle East-North Africa region (59%) have this type of arrangement. Meanwhile, Muslims and Jews in Peru complained that non-Catholic religious holidays were not provided to students or employees.44, 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA Religious diversity differs substantially by geographic region. The regional distribution of religious groups is also expected to shift in the coming decades. In some countries, including the United States, it is fairly common for adults to leave their childhood religion and switch to another faith (or no faith).
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