why do atoms gain electrons

where number is principal quantum number, $\rm s,p,d,f$ stands for $l=0, 1, 2, 3$, respectively, superscript shows the count of available $m$ and $s$ pairs. 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https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FCollege_of_Marin%2FCHEM_114%253A_Introductory_Chemistry%2F04%253A_Atoms_and_Elements%2F4.07%253A_Ions-_Losing_and_Gaining_Electrons, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), 4.6: Looking for Patterns- The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table, 4.8: Isotopes- When the Number of Neutrons Varies, 1.4: The Scientific Method: How Chemists Think, Chapter 2: Measurement and Problem Solving, 2.2: Scientific Notation: Writing Large and Small Numbers, 2.3: Significant Figures: Writing Numbers to Reflect Precision, 2.6: Problem Solving and Unit Conversions, 2.7: Solving Multistep Conversion Problems, 2.10: Numerical Problem-Solving Strategies and the Solution Map, 2.E: Measurement and Problem Solving (Exercises), 3.3: Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas, 3.4: Classifying Matter According to Its Composition, 3.5: Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties, 3.6: Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes, 3.7: Conservation of Mass: There is No New Matter, 3.9: Energy and Chemical and Physical Change, 3.10: Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms, 3.12: Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations, 4.4: The Properties of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons, 4.5: Elements: Defined by Their Numbers of Protons, 4.6: Looking for Patterns: The Periodic Law and the Periodic Table, 4.8: Isotopes: When the Number of Neutrons Varies, 4.9: Atomic Mass: The Average Mass of an Elements Atoms, 5.2: Compounds Display Constant Composition, 5.3: Chemical Formulas: How to Represent Compounds, 5.4: A Molecular View of Elements and Compounds, 5.5: Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds, 5.11: Formula Mass: The Mass of a Molecule or Formula Unit, 6.5: Chemical Formulas as Conversion Factors, 6.6: Mass Percent Composition of Compounds, 6.7: Mass Percent Composition from a Chemical Formula, 6.8: Calculating Empirical Formulas for Compounds, 6.9: Calculating Molecular Formulas for Compounds, 7.1: Grade School Volcanoes, Automobiles, and Laundry Detergents, 7.4: How to Write Balanced Chemical Equations, 7.5: Aqueous Solutions and Solubility: Compounds Dissolved in Water, 7.6: Precipitation Reactions: Reactions in Aqueous Solution That Form a Solid, 7.7: Writing Chemical Equations for Reactions in Solution: Molecular, Complete Ionic, and Net Ionic Equations, 7.8: AcidBase and Gas Evolution Reactions, Chapter 8: Quantities in Chemical Reactions, 8.1: Climate Change: Too Much Carbon Dioxide, 8.3: Making Molecules: Mole-to-Mole Conversions, 8.4: Making Molecules: Mass-to-Mass Conversions, 8.5: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield, 8.6: Limiting Reactant, Theoretical Yield, and Percent Yield from Initial Masses of Reactants, 8.7: Enthalpy: A Measure of the Heat Evolved or Absorbed in a Reaction, Chapter 9: Electrons in Atoms and the Periodic Table, 9.1: Blimps, Balloons, and Models of the Atom, 9.5: The Quantum-Mechanical Model: Atoms with Orbitals, 9.6: Quantum-Mechanical Orbitals and Electron Configurations, 9.7: Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table, 9.8: The Explanatory Power of the Quantum-Mechanical Model, 9.9: Periodic Trends: Atomic Size, Ionization Energy, and Metallic Character, 10.2: Representing Valence Electrons with Dots, 10.3: Lewis Structures of Ionic Compounds: Electrons Transferred, 10.4: Covalent Lewis Structures: Electrons Shared, 10.5: Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds, 10.6: Resonance: Equivalent Lewis Structures for the Same Molecule, 10.8: Electronegativity and Polarity: Why Oil and Water Dont Mix, 11.2: Kinetic Molecular Theory: A Model for Gases, 11.3: Pressure: The Result of Constant Molecular Collisions, 11.5: Charless Law: Volume and Temperature, 11.6: Gay-Lussac's Law: Temperature and Pressure, 11.7: The Combined Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, and Temperature, 11.9: The Ideal Gas Law: Pressure, Volume, Temperature, and Moles, 11.10: Mixtures of Gases: Why Deep-Sea Divers Breathe a Mixture of Helium and Oxygen, Chapter 12: Liquids, Solids, and Intermolecular Forces, 12.3: Intermolecular Forces in Action: Surface Tension and Viscosity, 12.6: Types of Intermolecular Forces: Dispersion, DipoleDipole, Hydrogen Bonding, and Ion-Dipole, 12.7: Types of Crystalline Solids: Molecular, Ionic, and Atomic, 13.3: Solutions of Solids Dissolved in Water: How to Make Rock Candy, 13.4: Solutions of Gases in Water: How Soda Pop Gets Its Fizz, 13.5: Solution Concentration: Mass Percent, 13.9: Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation: Making Water Freeze Colder and Boil Hotter, 13.10: Osmosis: Why Drinking Salt Water Causes Dehydration, 14.1: Sour Patch Kids and International Spy Movies, 14.4: Molecular Definitions of Acids and Bases, 14.6: AcidBase Titration: A Way to Quantify the Amount of Acid or Base in a Solution, 14.9: The pH and pOH Scales: Ways to Express Acidity and Basicity, 14.10: Buffers: Solutions That Resist pH Change. Forming ions - Ionic compounds - AQA - GCSE Combined Science - BBC Thus, typically, metals (with nearly empty outer shells) lose electrons to non-metals, thereby forming positive ions. This allows for materials such as metal complexes and the sulfate poly-atomic-ion to exist despite having more than eight electrons in the valence shell. While I agree that this is not helpful, I do not agree, that it formally does not qualify as an answer. Interactions between various components of the molecules (nuclear/nuclear repulsion, electron/nuclear attraction, electron/electron repulsion, etc.) However, the octet rule doesn't apply for other types of elements. Perhaps its easier to understand reduction and oxidation by defining what happens as (a) an, @porphyrin Yeah, until we move on to study the. [2], On the other hand, adding oxygen would increase the oxidation number of the element (except fluorine) it was added to, since its electronegativity is the second highest, i.e. Last updated Jan 29, 2023 Covalent Bonding Covalent Bonds vs Ionic Bonds Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms. If there were only orbital angular momentum and no intrinsic angular momentum for the particle the angular momentum would not be conserved. Not just `it is because the atoms need to fill their octet. This can be answered in lots of detail or a little detail, but I get the feeling you are going to ask questions about why we don't just keep filling up the orbitals with more electrons? I find the wording of the answer confusing. Do they have to give members warning before they bar you? Why do they need 8 electrons? This answer (v1) correctly states that the difference is the strong interaction versus the electromagnetic interaction. Adding dioxygen to ethane to form ethane-1,2-diol, the carbons are oxidised, while oxygen is reduced. 4.7: Ions- Losing and Gaining Electrons - Chemistry LibreTexts To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Respectfully, @BlackThorn, the answer is that proton transfer takes more energy than electron transfer. Simply said, it is much easier to tear off (remove) an electron in your example from an atom (and overcome the EM force), them to remove a proton (and overcome the strong force). There might be eight positive charges in the nucleus, but ten negatively charged electrons. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. There are 3 p suborbitals which are dumbbell shaped (look like two balloons tied together at the ends) and align along the x,y&z axies and hold a total of 6 electrons (2 per axis, 3 with up spin and 3 with down spin). The atoms tend to move to the state of octet completion. Any material has a temperature, which is related to the energy of the atoms and molecules that make it up. Address The electrical energy that is delivered is the result of the electrons moving through the circuit. The most common species in the atmosphere is nitrogen-14, which interacts with thermal neutrons by. atoms Flashcards | Quizlet By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. How to style a graph of isotope decay data automatically so that vertices and edges correspond to half-lives and decay probabilities? Is this Wingspan Enough/Necessary for My World's Parameters? The atom then loses or gains a "negative" charge. Is it appropriate to ask for an hourly compensation for take-home interview tasks which exceed a certain time limit? But, for the matter at hand, something simpler suffices. why does music become less harmonic if we transpose it down to the extreme low end of the piano? -> \overset{\color{orange}{-3}}{C}_2\overset{+1}{H}_6}$$ Moreover, the range is much smaller; protons are right in the nucleus, while electrons are a distance away. Thus, the electron shells of an atom are populated from the inside out, with electrons filling up the low-energy shells closer to the nucleus before they move into the higher-energy shells further out. Process of transferring data to a storage medium? How can an atom know if it is satisfied? Even numbers. @DraggyWolf And as I said in your questionwhat does low energy state has to do with stabilization? eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Why specifically 8? Gain of hydrogen ions would have pretty much nothing to do with reduction. You might want to add that protons are about 2000 times more massive, and thus harder to move, than electrons. -> (\overset{+1}{H}\overset{-2}{O})H2\overset{\color{orange}{-1}}{C}-\overset{\color{orange}{-3}}{C}\overset{+1}{H}_3}$$. Most nonmetals become anions when they make ionic compounds. Protons have a positive charge and reside in the nucleus atoms while electrons move around the nucleus at different energy levels. Which country agreed to give up its claims to the Oregon territory in the Adams-onis treaty? Real answer is - for many organic chemistry-relevant atoms, a shell with 8 electrons is by far the one with low energy state if one performs the quantum mechanical calculations. Thats less than 1% of the speed of light, but its fast enough to get it around the Earth in just over 18 seconds. The electrons can be found at any point in their orbital. Atoms tend to stabilize when they form chemical bonds, releasing energy in the process. Turn off the pump (i.e. Chlorine, for example, has seven electrons in its outer electron shell. Why can protons and neutrons be close together in a nucleus despite the uncertainty principle? As a blanket statement the gain of a hydrogen atom cannot be considered a reduction. Best Answer Copy The Lewis Theory used observations from chemists and physicists to form a theory about chemical bonding. \begin{align}_3\ce{Li}&:\mathrm{1s^2\ 2s^1}\\ _3\ce{Li}&: [_2\ce{He}]\ \mathrm{ 2s^1}\end{align}. This is basically what you're asking about A.K. It is clear you have already refuted the justification of "we've done this experiment millions of times, and here's what we've seen," so you are asking for an even better justification than that. In time, the electron reacts with the proton via its overlapping portion, The electrical energy that is delivered is the result of the electrons moving through the circuit. What happens if electrons stopped moving? How was the universe created if there was nothing? I realise this situation is not a hydrogen ion but a full hydrogen, but it's still doing my head in. Using quantum physics and its models of atoms and bonds we can define four quantum numbers. The Lewis Theory used observations from chemists and physicists to form a theory about chemical bonding.The Octet Rule is a chemical rule that atoms of main-group elements tend to combine in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.An atom's electrons tend to be stable so it will gain or lose electrons. Indeed, we're talking about "full" hydrogen. Why specifically 8? Sometimes when I answer this question I add that the extra energy comes from a nuclear interaction which is stronger than electricity, imaginatively called the strong nuclear interaction. But at the level of this question thats just a name, which doesnt add much. You mix an acid and water. ; Negative Ion - Occurs when an atom gains an electron (negative charge) it will have more electrons than protons. Cations Why do atoms need 8 electrons to stabilize? [duplicate] Do spelling changes count as translations for citations when using different english dialects? To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. What are the white formations? Do spelling changes count as translations for citations when using different english dialects? What was the date of sameul de champlians marriage? Proton transfer is also a way to change the electrical charges of the species involved, and that seemed to be something the OP was interested in. Incidently, that's 8 electrons in the outer shell. Electron - Wikipedia What happens if an electron touches a proton? Electrons in atoms, like all objects on a small scale, show quantum properties which cannot be pictured in any familiar way. The octet rule does not apply to all atoms though, for transition metals and later elements there is a d suborbital which can hold an addition 10 electrons, meaning that now an atom may have 18 electrons in its valence shell to be satisfied. For example Lithium electronic configuration can be written as: The reason the particles in the table are assigned a spin is because of angular momentum conservation in particle interactions. When you find that angular momentum is quantized (and that the electron can have zero angular momentum), you naturally ask what this waving electron thing looks like (say 95% of the time). Typical proton separation energies are five or ten million electron-volts. This isn't dictated absolutely by some law, but rather it is a general rule. What should be included in error messages? Hope this helps :) Answer link. As its currently written, your answer is unclear. metal atoms lose electrons to form positively charged ions non-metal atoms gain electrons to form negatively charged ions Forming positive ions Metal atoms lose electrons from their. But that doesn't seem right as oxygens also have electrons and gaining oxygens is oxidation. Is this Wingspan Enough/Necessary for My World's Parameters? Energetic radiation from outer space can cause spallation when interacting with the Earth, either with the atmosphere or with the heavier nuclei under Earths surface. Its not that protons cant be transferred. Why do atoms need 8 electrons to stabilize? Why can atoms only gain or lose electrons and not protons? Chemistry questions and answers. The answer to your question here is that the system doesn't know what it wants, and that is often a very good question to ask! The one where I'm asking a question which I believe to be a question about the fundamental nature of matter, but the more I explore it, it just seems to be a meaningless question. Legal. + \overset{0}{H}_2 - Philipp Sep 30, 2014 at 18:23 Thanks, I looked into it. physics.stackexchange.com/questions/47253/, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transfer, Starting the Prompt Design Site: A New Home in our Stack Exchange Neighborhood, Statement from SO: June 5, 2023 Moderator Action. Specifically, if you react a metal with hydrogen, the metal will be oxidised in spite of additional hydrogen being in the compound. Regarding the oxidation of Manganese(II) ion by Peroxodisulphate ion. (p. 149) Why does the octet rule not always refer to a stable arrangement of eight valence electrons? What happens when an atom releases energy? Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! This is because we extract an electron by overcoming the Coulomb force, while the proton is bounded by a nuclear force (thus, the processes in which this occurs are called nuclear processes). H+ is just a proton, so no electrons would be present. [1] If you follow the electronegativity scheme of assigning oxidation states, then adding a hydrogen atom (one proton and one electron) results in an decrease of the oxidation number of the element that the hydrogen atom was added to. The number of electrons depends on their position on the Periodic table (in simple terms). Why is there inconsistency about integral numbers of protons in NMR in the Clayden: Organic Chemistry 2nd ed.? Why is the water reduction of oxygen favored in acidic conditions? + \overset{+1}{H}_2\overset{-2}{O} Science. disconnect the battery), and the electrons stop moving through the circuit. Is this Wingspan Enough/Necessary for My World's Parameters? A neutral sodium atom is likely to achieve an octet in its outermost shell by losing its one valence electron. Why do atoms lose or gain electrons? | Fundamentals of Chemistry How to describe a scene that a small creature chop a large creature's head off? They can lose and capture protons, but these reactions are not likely to happen in an ordinary conditions.

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